An Analysis of the Nature and Philosophical Foundations of the Islamic Revolution within the Framework of the Four Causes

The Islamic Revolution of Iran is the product of a paradigm shift in Islamic political thought, founded upon philosophical principles and a monotheistic worldview. This research analyzes the nature of the Revolution from the perspective of its ontological, Wilayat and Imamate, and anthropological foundations, within the framework of Aristotle's Four Causes. In the ontological dimension, the Islamic Revolution introduces Tawhid (monotheism) not merely as an abstract belief, but as the basis for absolute divine sovereignty and political legitimacy. The re-reading of Wilayat (Guardianship) and Imamate (Leadership) in the Revolution's discourse transformed these concepts from purely theological positions into practical principles of political rule, thereby establishing the theory of Wilayat al-Faqih (Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist) as the tangible manifestation of divine authority during the Occultation. In the field of anthropology, the Islamic Revolution critiques both the Western humanistic approach and traditional thinking, positioning humankind as Khalifatullah (Vicegerent of God), endowed with inherent dignity, freedom, and a God-given right to sovereignty. This philosophical reconstruction of foundations is reflected in the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran, particularly in Articles 2, 5, and 56. This study demonstrates that the Islamic Revolution, based on philosophical fundamentalism, represents a principled return to religious foundations that has shaped a new political system. By linking theoretical and practical Tawhid, it has made the realization of a religious-democratic governance possible. The findings emphasize that the nature of the Islamic Revolution is a combination of material, formal, efficient, and final causes, all interwoven,.